Traffic collision avoidance system - Wikipedia. Combined TCAS and IVSI cockpit display (monochrome). Combined TCAS and EHSI cockpit display (color)A traffic collision avoidance system or traffic alert and collision avoidance system (both abbreviated as TCAS, and pronounced tee- kas) is an aircraft collision avoidance system designed to reduce the incidence of mid- air collisions between aircraft. It monitors the airspace around an aircraft for other aircraft equipped with a corresponding active transponder, independent of air traffic control, and warns pilots of the presence of other transponder- equipped aircraft which may present a threat of mid- air collision (MAC). It is a type of airborne collision avoidance system mandated by the International Civil Aviation Organization to be fitted to all aircraft with a maximum take- off mass (MTOM) of over 5,7. ![]() New Release Designs: These are 'new release' designs. For other charts and kits recently added to this site (which are not necessarily new releases) be sure to. Latest Govt Jobs in Pakistan, Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad. We Provide Valuable Online Information of PPSC SPSC FPSC NTS Educator MCQs General Knowledge Everyday. Counted Cross Stitch Charts and Patterns. ABC Stitch Therapy 16712 Champion Forest Drive Spring TX 77379, USA. Don’t include personal or financial information like your National Insurance number or credit card details. What you were doing What went wrong. CFR 1. 4, Ch I, part 1. TCAS I is installed for aircraft with 1. TCAS II for aircraft with more than 3. ACAS / TCAS is based on secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponder signals, but operates independently of ground- based equipment to provide advice to the pilot on potential conflicting aircraft. In modern glass cockpit aircraft, the TCAS display may be integrated in the Navigation Display (ND) or Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator (EHSI); in older glass cockpit aircraft and those with mechanical instrumentation, such an integrated TCAS display may replace the mechanical Vertical Speed Indicator (which indicates the rate with which the aircraft is descending or climbing). Impetus for a system and history. ICAO and aviation authorities such as the Federal Aviation Administration were spurred into action by the Grand Canyon mid- air collision in 1. However, further study, refinements, training and regulatory measures were still required, because the limitations and misuse of the system still resulted in other incidents and fatal accidents, which include: The airline industry has been working with the Air Transport Association of America (ATA) since 1. It was not until the mid- 1. ATCRBS airborne transponders as the cooperative element of a collision avoidance system. This technical approach allows a collision avoidance capability on the flight deck, which is independent of the ground system. In 1. 98. 1, the FAA announced our decision to implement an aircraft collision avoidance concept called the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS). The concept is based upon agency and industry development efforts in the areas of beacon based collision avoidance systems and air- to- air discrete address communications techniques utilizing Mode S airborne transponder message formats. Although the displays were located outside the view of the flight crew and seen only by trained observers, these tests did provide valuable information on the frequency and circumstances of alerts and their potential for interaction with the ATC system. On a follow- on phase II program, a later version of TCAS II was installed on a single Piedmont Airlines Boeing 7. April 1. 98. 6, then subsequently approved for operational evaluation in early 1. Since the equipment was not developed to full standards, the system was only operated in visual meteorological conditions (VMC). Although the flight crew operated the system, the evaluation was primarily for the purpose of data collection and its correlation with flight crew and observer observation and response. Similar units manufactured by Honeywell were installed and approved on Northwest Airlines airplanes in late 1. This limited installation program operated TCAS II units approved for operation as a full- time system in both visual and instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) on three different aircraft types. The operational evaluation programs continued through 1. Each TCAS- equipped aircraft interrogates all other aircraft in a determined range about their position (via the 1. GHzradiofrequency), and all other aircraft reply to other interrogations (via 1. GHz). This interrogation- and- response cycle may occur several times per second. Then, by extrapolating current range and altitude difference to anticipated future values, it determines if a potential collision threat exists. TCAS and its variants are only able to interact with aircraft that have a correctly operating mode C or mode S transponder. A unique 2. 4- bit identifier is assigned to each aircraft that has a mode S transponder. A traffic collision avoidance system or traffic alert and collision avoidance system (both abbreviated as TCAS, and pronounced tee-kas) is an aircraft collision. Fake News Papers Fake News Videos. A Few Abbreviations. India lies on the Indian Plate, the northern portion of the Indo-Australian Plate, whose continental crust forms the Indian subcontinent. The country is situated. Even more » Account Options. Sign in; Search settings. PART I General Provisions Short Title. 100.01 These Regulations may be cited as the Canadian Aviation Regulations. Subpart 1 — Interpretation Interpretation. The next step beyond identifying potential collisions is automatically negotiating a mutual avoidance manoeuver (currently, manoeuvers are restricted to changes in altitude and modification of climb/sink rates) between the two (or more) conflicting aircraft. These avoidance manoeuvers are communicated to the flight crew by a cockpit display and by synthesized voice instructions. The size of the protected volume depends on the altitude, speed, and heading of the aircraft involved in the encounter. The illustration below gives an example of a typical TCAS protection volume. System components. The TCAS Processor uses pressure altitude, radar altitude, and discrete aircraft status inputs from its own aircraft to control the collision avoidance logic parameters that determine the protection volume around the TCAS aircraft. Antennas. The antennas used by TCAS II include a directional antenna that is mounted on the top of the aircraft and either an omnidirectional or a directional antenna mounted on the bottom of the aircraft. Most installations use the optional directional antenna on the bottom of the aircraft. In addition to the two TCAS antennas, two antennas are also required for the Mode S transponder. One antenna is mounted on the top of the aircraft while the other is mounted on the bottom. These antennas enable the Mode S transponder to receive interrogations at 1. MHz and reply to the received interrogations at 1. MHz. Cockpit presentation. The TCAS interface with the pilots is provided by two displays: the traffic display and the RA display. These two displays can be implemented in a number of ways, including displays that incorporate both displays into a single, physical unit. Regardless of the implementation, the information displayed is identical. The standards for both the traffic display and the RA display are defined in DO- 1. A. TCAS remains in stand- by. Traffic advisories only. The mode S transponder is fully operational. TCAS will operate normally and issue the appropriate interrogations and perform all tracking functions. ![]() However, TCAS will only issue traffic advisories (TA), and the resolution advisories (RA) will be inhibited. Automatic (traffic/resolution advisories)The mode S transponder is fully operational. TCAS will operate normally and issue the appropriate interrogations and perform all tracking functions. TCAS will issue traffic advisories (TA) and resolution advisories (RA), when appropriate. VOLUME 3 GENERAL TECHNICAL ADMINISTRATION CHAPTER 18 OPERATIONS SPECIFICATIONS Section 3 Part A Operations Specifications—General 3 TCAS works in a coordinated manner, so when an RA is issued to conflicting aircraft, a required action (i. Climb. Climb.) has to be immediately performed by one of the aircraft, while the other one receives a similar RA in the opposite direction (i. Descend. Descend.). TCAS II issues the following types of aural annunciations: Traffic advisory (TA)Resolution advisory (RA)Clear of conflict. When a TA is issued, pilots are instructed to initiate a visual search for the traffic causing the TA. If the traffic is visually acquired, pilots are instructed to maintain visual separation from the traffic. Training programs also indicate that no horizontal maneuvers are to be made based solely on information shown on the traffic display. Slight adjustments in vertical speed while climbing or descending, or slight adjustments in airspeed while still complying with the ATC clearance are acceptable. This means that aircraft will at times have to manoeuver contrary to ATC instructions or disregard ATC instructions. In these cases, the controller is no longer responsible for separation of the aircraft involved in the RA until the conflict is terminated. On the other hand, ATC can potentially interfere with a pilot's response to RAs. If a conflicting ATC instruction coincides with an RA, a pilot may assume that ATC is fully aware of the situation and is providing the better resolution. But in reality, ATC is not aware of the RA until the RA is reported by the pilot. Once the RA is reported by the pilot, ATC is required not to attempt to modify the flight path of the aircraft involved in the encounter. Hence, the pilot is expected to . Currently, there are no ICAO provisions concerning the use of RA downlink by air traffic controllers. The following points receive emphasis during pilot training: Do not manoeuver in a direction opposite to that indicated by the RA because this may result in a collision. Inform the controller of the RA as soon as permitted by flight crew workload after responding to the RA. There is no requirement to make this notification prior to initiating the RA response. Be alert for the removal of RAs or the weakening of RAs so that deviations from a cleared altitude are minimized. If possible, comply with the controller's clearance, e. Descend. Intruder will pass above. Begin descending at 1. RAIncrease climb. Intruder will pass just below. Climb at 2. 50. 0 – 3. RAIncrease descent. Intruder will pass just above. Descend at 2. 50. RAReduce climb. Intruder is probably well below. Climb at a slower rate. RAReduce descent. Intruder is probably well above. Descend at a slower rate. RAClimb; climb now. Intruder that was passing above, will now pass below. Change from a descent to a climb. RADescend; descend now. Intruder that was passing below, will now pass above. Change from a climb to a descent. RAMaintain vertical speed; maintain. Intruder will be avoided if vertical rate is maintained. Maintain current vertical rate. RALevel off, level off. Intruder considerably away, or weakening of initial RA. Begin to level off. RAMonitor vertical speed. Intruder ahead in level flight, above or below. Remain in level flight. Download - Update. Star - Update. Star. Download the. free trial version below to get started. Double- click the downloaded file. Update. Star is compatible with Windows platforms. Update. Star has been tested to meet all of the technical requirements to be compatible with. Windows 1. 0, 8. 1, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2. Windows. XP, 3. 2 bit and 6. Simply double- click the downloaded file to install it. Update. Star Free and Update. Star Premium come with the same installer. Update. Star includes support for many languages such as English, German, French, Italian, Hungarian, Russian and many more. You can choose your language settings from within the program. Geography of India - Wikipedia. Geography of India. Continent. Asia. Region. South Asia. Indian subcontinent. Coordinates. 21. The country is situated north of the equator between 8. It has a land frontier of 1. The Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar separate India from Sri Lanka to its immediate southeast, and the Maldives are some 4. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands, some 1,2. Myanmar, Thailand and Indonesia. Kanyakumari at 8. Northernmost point which is under Indian administration is Indira Col, Siachen Glacier. Its western border with Pakistan lies in the Punjab Plain and the Thar Desert. In the far northeast, the Chin Hills and Kachin Hills, deeply forested mountainous regions, separate India from Burma. On the east, its border with Bangladesh is largely defined by the Khasi Hills and Mizo Hills, and the watershed region of the Indo- Gangetic Plain. The Ganga–Brahmaputra system occupies most of northern, central, and eastern India, while the Deccan Plateau occupies most of southern India. Kanchenjunga, on the border between Nepal and the Indian state of Sikkim, is the highest point in India at 8,5. Climate across India ranges from equatorial in the far south, to alpine and tundra in the upper reaches of the Himalayas. India covers about 2. Geological development. The Indo- Australian plate is subdivided into the Indian and Australian plates. About 9. 0 million years ago, during the late Cretaceous Period, the Indian Plate began moving north at about 1. In 2. 00. 7, German geologists determined that the Indian Plate was able to move so quickly because it is only half as thick as the other plates which formerly constituted Gondwanaland. India is thus referred to as the . Its western border with Pakistan extends up to 3,3. Punjab region and running along the boundaries of the Thar Desert and the Rann of Kutch. According to India's claim, it also shares a 1. Afghanistan in northwestern Kashmir, which is under Pakistani control. It traverses 4,0. Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram. They are. The Northern Mountains. The Peninsular Plateau. Indo- Gangetic Plain. Thar Desert. The Coastal Plains. The Islands. The Northern Mountains. These were formed by the ongoing tectonic plates collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. The mountains in these ranges include some of the world's tallest mountains which act as a natural barrier to cold polar winds. They also facilitate the monsoon winds which in turn influence the climate in India. Rivers originating in these mountains flow through the fertile Indo–Gangetic plains. These mountains are recognised by biogeographers as the boundary between two of the Earth's great ecozones: the temperate. Palearctic that covers most of Eurasia and the tropical and subtropical Indomalaya ecozone which includes the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Indonesia. The Himalayan range is the world's highest mountain range, with its tallest peak Mt. Everest (8,8. 48 metres . They are one of the world's youngest mountain ranges and extend almost uninterrupted for 2,5. These states along with Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim lie mostly in the Himalayan region. Numerous Himalayan peaks rise over 7,0. Sikkim to around 3,0. Kashmir. Kanchenjunga—on the Sikkim–Nepal border—is the highest point in the area administered by India. Most peaks in the Himalayas remain snowbound throughout the year. The Himalayas act as a barrier to the frigid katabatic winds flowing down from Central Asia. Thus, North India is kept warm or only mildly cooled during winter; in summer, the same phenomenon makes India relatively hot. The Karakoram is situated in the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir. It has more than sixty peaks above 7,0. K2, the second highest peak in the world 8,6. K2 is just 2. 37 m (7. Mount Everest. The range is about 5. The Siachen Glacier at 7. Biafo Glacier at 6. The southern boundary of the Karakoram is formed by the Gilgit, Indus and Shyok rivers, which separate the range from the northwestern end of the Himalayas. The Patkai, or Purvanchal, are situated near India's eastern border with Burma. They were created by the same tectonic processes which led to the formation of the Himalayas. The physical features of the Patkai mountains are conical peaks, steep slopes and deep valleys. The Patkai ranges are not as rugged or tall as the Himalayas. There are three hill ranges that come under the Patkai: the Patkai–Bum, the Garo–Khasi–Jaintia and the Lushai hills. The Garo–Khasi range lies in Meghalaya. Mawsynram, a village near Cherrapunji lying on the windward side of these hills, has the distinction of being the wettest place in the world, receiving the highest annual rainfall. The western end of the range lies in eastern Gujarat, near its border with Madhya Pradesh, and runs east and north, almost meeting the Ganges at Mirzapur. Dry deciduous and thorny forests of plateau regions in India. The Malwa Plateau is spread across Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. The average elevation of the Malwa plateau is 5. Most of the region is drained by the Chambal River and its tributaries; the western part is drained by the upper reaches of the Mahi River. Kutch Kathiawar plateau. Kutch Kathiawar plateau is located in Gujarat state. The Deccan Plateau is a large triangular plateau, bounded by the Vindhyas to the north and flanked by the Eastern and Western Ghats. The Deccan covers a total area of 1. It is mostly flat, with elevations ranging from 3. The average elevation of the plateau is 2,0. The surface slopes from 3,0. This region is mostly semi- arid as it lies on the leeward side of both Ghats. Much of the Deccan is covered by thorn scrub forest scattered with small regions of deciduous broadleaf forest. Climate in the Deccan ranges from hot summers to mild winters. The Chota Nagpur Plateau is situated in eastern India, covering much of Jharkhand and adjacent parts of Odisha, Bihar and Chhattisgarh. Its total area is approximately 6. Ranchi, Hazaribagh, and Kodarma plateaus. The Ranchi plateau is the largest, with an average elevation of 7. Much of the plateau is forested, covered by the Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests. Vast reserves of metal ores and coal have been found in the Chota Nagpur plateau. The Kathiawar peninsula in western Gujarat is bounded by the Gulf of Kutch and the Gulf of Khambat. The natural vegetation in most of the peninsula is xeric scrub, part of the Northwestern thorn scrub forests ecoregion. The Satpura Range begins in eastern Gujarat near the Arabian Sea coast and runs east across Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. It extends 9. 00 km (5. The highest peak in this range is Guru Shikhar at Mount Abu, rising to 1,7. Gujarat. The range joins two of the ancient segments that make up the Indian craton, the Marwar segment to the northwest of the range, and the Bundelkhand segment to the southeast. The Western Ghats or Sahyadri mountains run along the western edge of India's Deccan Plateau and separate it from a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian Sea. The range runs approximately 1,6. The average elevation is around 1,0. Though not as tall as the Western Ghats, some of its peaks are over 1,0. Arma Konda (1,6. 80 m (5,5. Andhra Pradesh is the tallest peak in Eastern Ghats. They run parallel to the Himalayas, from Jammu and Kashmir in the west to Assam in the east, and drain most of northern and eastern India. The plains encompass an area of 7. The major rivers in this region are the Ganges, Indus, and Brahmaputra along with their main tributaries–Yamuna, Chambal, Gomti, Ghaghara, Kosi, Sutlej, Ravi, Beas, Chenab, and Tista—as well as the rivers of the Ganges Delta, such as the Meghna. The great plains are sometimes classified into four divisions: The Bhabar belt is adjacent to the foothills of the Himalayas and consists of boulders and pebbles which have been carried down by streams. As the porosity of this belt is very high, the streams flow underground. The Bhabar is generally narrow with its width varying between 6 to 1. The Tarai belt lies south of the adjacent Bhabar region and is composed of newer alluvium. The underground streams reappear in this region. The region is excessively moist and thickly forested. It also receives heavy rainfall throughout the year and is populated with a variety of wildlife. The Bangar belt consists of older alluvium and forms the alluvial terrace of the flood plains. In the Gangetic plains, it has a low upland covered by laterite deposits. The Khadar belt lies in lowland areas after the Bangar belt. It is made up of fresh newer alluvium which is deposited by the rivers flowing down the plain. The Indo- Gangetic belt is the world's most extensive expanse of uninterrupted alluvium formed by the deposition of silt by the numerous rivers. The plains are flat making it conducive for irrigation through canals. The area is also rich in ground water sources. The plains are one of the world's most intensely farmed areas. The main crops grown are rice and wheat, which are grown in rotation. Other important crops grown in the region include maize, sugarcane and cotton. The Indo- Gangetic plains rank among the world's most densely populated areas. Most of the Thar Desert is situated in Rajasthan, covering 6. About 1. 0 percent of this region comprises sand dunes, and the remaining 9. Annual temperatures can range from 0 . Most of the rainfall received in this region is associated with the short July–September southwest monsoon that brings 1. Water is scarce and occurs at great depths, ranging from 3. The soils of the arid region are generally sandy to sandy- loam in texture. The consistency and depth vary as per the topographical features. The low- lying loams are heavier may have a hard pan of clay, calcium carbonate or gypsum. In western India, the Kutch region in Gujarat and Koyna in Maharashtra are classified as a Zone IV region (high risk) for earthquakes. The Kutch city of Bhuj was the epicentre of the 2.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
September 2017
Categories |